LHC Run 3: physics at record energy starts July 5

The Large Hadron Collider is ready to once again start delivering proton collisions to experiments, this time at an unprecedented energy of 13.6 TeV, marking the start of the accelerator’s third run of data taking for physics

A new period of data taking begins on Tuesday, 5 July for the experiments at the world’s most powerful particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), after more than three years of upgrade and maintenance work. Beams have already been circulating in CERN’s accelerator complex since April, with the LHC machine and its injectors being recommissioned to operate with new higher-intensity beams and increased energy. Now, the LHC operators are ready to announce “stable beams,” the condition allowing the experiments to switch on all their subsystems and begin taking the data that will be used for physics analysis. The LHC will run around the clock for close to four years at a record energy of 13.6 trillion electronvolts (TeV), providing greater precision and discovery potential than ever before.

“We will be focusing the proton beams at the interaction points to less than 10 micron beam size, to increase the collision rate. Compared to Run 1, in which the Higgs was discovered with 12 inverse femtobarns, now in Run 3 we will be delivering 280 inverse femtobarns. This is a significant increase, paving the way for new discoveries,” says director for accelerators and technology Mike Lamont.

The four big LHC experiments have performed major upgrades to their data readout and selection systems, with new detector systems and computing infrastructure. The changes will allow them to collect significantly larger data samples, with data of higher quality than in previous runs. The ATLAS and CMS detectors expect to record more collisions during Run 3 than in the two previous runs combined. The LHCb experiment underwent a complete revamp and looks to increase its data taking rate by a factor of ten, while ALICE is aiming at a staggering fifty-fold increase in the number of recorded collisions.

With the increased data samples and higher collision energy, Run 3 will further expand the already very diverse LHC physics program. Scientists at the experiments will probe the nature of the Higgs boson with unprecedented precision and in new channels. They may observe previously inaccessible processes and will be able to improve the measurement precision of numerous known processes addressing fundamental questions, such as the origin of the matter–antimatter asymmetry in the universe. Scientists will study the properties of matter under extreme temperature and density and will also be searching for candidates for dark matter and for other new phenomena, either through direct searches or—indirectly—through precise measurements of properties of known particles.

“We’re looking forward to measurements of the Higgs boson decay to second-generation particles such as muons. This would be an entirely new result in the Higgs boson saga, confirming for the first time that second-generation particles also get mass through the Higgs mechanism,” says CERN theorist Michelangelo Mangano.

“We will measure the strengths of the Higgs boson interactions with matter and force particles to unprecedented precision, and we will further our searches for Higgs boson decays to dark matter particles as well as searches for additional Higgs bosons,” says Andreas Hoecker, spokesperson of the ATLAS collaboration. “It is not at all clear whether the Higgs mechanism realised in nature is the minimal one featuring only a single Higgs particle.”

Illinois Physics Professor Mark Neubauer adds, ““The Illinois group. in collaboration with the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and partners at The University of Chicago and Indiana University, operates a Tier-2 computing cluster with over 14,000 CPU cores, used to process and analyze ATLAS data, including data from the upcoming run of the LHC. We also are developing new methods and algorithms for the tracking of charged particles for use in the triggering of ATLAS detectors, during the upcoming high-luminosity LHC era.”

A closely watched topic will be the studies of a class of rare processes in which an unexpected difference (lepton flavour asymmetry) between electrons and their cousin particles, muons, was studied by the LHCb experiment in the data from previous LHC runs. “Data acquired during Run 3 with our brand new detector will allow us to improve the precision by a factor of two and to confirm or exclude possible deviations from lepton flavour universality,” says Chris Parkes, spokesperson of the LHCb collaboration. Theories explaining the anomalies observed by LHCb typically also predict new effects in different processes. These will be the target of specific studies performed by ATLAS and CMS. “This complementary approach is essential; if we’re able to confirm new effects in this way it will be a major discovery in particle physics,” says Luca Malgeri, spokesperson of the CMS collaboration.

The heavy-ion collision program will allow the investigation of quark–gluon plasma (QGP)—a state of matter that existed in the first 10 microseconds after the Big Bang—with unprecedented accuracy. “We expect to be moving from a phase where we observed many interesting properties of the quark–gluon plasma to a phase in which we precisely quantify those properties and connect them to the dynamics of its constituents,” says Luciano Musa, spokesperson of the ALICE collaboration. In addition to the main lead–lead runs, a short period with oxygen collisions will be included for the first time, with the goal of exploring the emergence of QGP-like effects in small colliding systems.

Illinois Physics Professor Anne Sickles comments, “The Illinois group has built the new Reaction Plane Detector and played a major role in upgrading the Zero-Degree Calorimeter in collaboration with other ATLAS institutions. These detectors measure the neutrons from the incoming lead nuclei, which do not participate in the collision. Measurement of these ‘spectators’ allows for characterization of the size and

shape of the quark-gluon plasma created in the collision. In addition, we are especially looking forward to the oxygen-oxygen run, which will link together our previous work in proton-lead and lead-lead collisions. Oxygen-oxygen collisions are intermediate in size between lead-lead collisions and proton-lead collisions, and we will be able to study the small size limit of the quark-gluon plasma.”

The smallest experiments at the LHC—TOTEM, LHCf, MoEDAL, with its entirely new subdetector MAPP, and the recently installed

FASER and SND@LHC—are also poised to explore phenomena within and beyond the standard model, from magnetic monopoles to neutrinos and cosmic rays.

A new physics season is starting, with a broad and promising scientific program in store. The launch of LHC Run 3 will be streamed live on CERN’s social media channels and high- quality Eurovision satellite link starting at 4.00 p.m. (CEST) on 5 July. Live commentary from the CERN Control Centre, available in five languages (English, French, German, Italian and Spanish), will walk the viewers through the operation stages that take proton beams from injection into the LHC to collisions for physics at the four interaction points where the experiments are located. A live Q&A session with experts from the accelerators and experiments will conclude the live stream.